California: University of California Press. Kuklinski, J. H. (1978). Vincent. Black faces in the mirror: African Americans and their representatives in the US Congress. (2011) and Berinsky etal. Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. Making Elections Accessible and Meaningful Providing Incentives for Conciliation Facilitating Stable and Efficient Government Holding the Government Accountable Holding Individual Representatives Accountable Encouraging Political Parties Promoting Legislative Opposition and Oversight Making the Election Process Workable and Sustainable In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. https://www.linkedin.com/company/wappphks/, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCII4gHJhDfpGjlojaME1bHQ, https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/women-and-public-policy-program-seminar-s. (1993). Naturalistic observation is around us and can used by the ordinary person to a psychologist in extensive research. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance . Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. It allows us to see part of the human mind and how it works and how it interact with others. It is discussed in this paper as a means to enhance the declining legitimacy of Dutch works councils as important sites of democratic decisionmaking in their own right. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- . Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. Naturalistic Observation observing people in their natural setting. Degree of Control over Variables. When the implementation of descriptive representation involves some costs in other values, paying those costs makes most sense in these specific historical contexts. The seldom receive access to the majority coalition and rarely earn an absolute majority, but there is always the possibility that their voiced opinions will gain traction with the general population. descriptive representation for both intrinsic and (perceived) instrumental reasons. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions 2. Descriptive research is the right choice when researchers want to describe a phenomenon or situation. Weissberg, R. (1978). Politics and Gender, 3(1), 79. Instead it tells us the what question what are the traits of the citizens or situation being studied? It is easier to make decisions and go further for data analysis. This type of design does not allow to establish causal relationships, since they do not have the possibility of controlling variables, and their internal validity is not very reliable. consumed. Matthew Hayes. Page, B. I., Shapiro, R. Y., Gronke, P. W., & Rosenberg, R. M. (1984). (2004). 1999 The University of Chicago Press These three measures are all highly correlated and the index has a standardized \(\alpha\) of 0.89 for Study 1, 0.86 for Study 2, and 0.91 for study 3. List of Pros of Experimental Research. There are woman that dont the help because is challenge to get mental health. Naturalistic observation can be structured or unstructured; for this study, unstructured naturalistic observation was mostly used. Given the strikingly similar results we find in each of our studies, we are confident that our results are not a statistical artifact due to the relatively small number of African Americans in any one sample. Some of the disadvantages of naturalistic observations is that the observers dont have control over the research and sometimes by not having control the research can be bad or the experiment itself can go wrong and something could happen to the observer or the observed. During elections, millions of citizens vote in person either before or on Election Day. American Journal of Political Science, 278300. (2005). So if we did a study on say How many gangs are in Los Angeles? This will give us an answer of how many of something, like a situation that is being studied. Pros and cons of working with samples. Statistical inference, on the other hand, consists of the methods involved . The SPAE is a national survey that is used to gauge the quality of the election experience. With more voices heard, there is a better chance that real action can be taken within the government. The moderating effects of education and ideology Beyond differences based on race, education and ideological orientation are likely to moderate voter responses to MCs of different races in several ways. Heres what we know. Hood III, and Mason Reece, Descriptive Representation in Election Administration. For the case of the design of a descriptive investigation, most of the time it is necessary to obtain data that refers to the quantity. Cerulo, K. A. Many communities under this system can come away feeling like they dont matter to the governing coalition. 4. that: The most affecting descriptive writing results from an author's providing not a linguistic blueprint of a library but the raw material (the air tinged with the scent of old pages, the shafts of dusty light through the window slats, the whispers, like trickling water, of the librarians behind the oval reference desk) from which the reader can erect her own library. As political parties, legislative committees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descriptive representation most useful. It is for this reason that it can be said that a descriptive research is quantitative. The mission of the fellowship is to support and advance academic and practitioner-scholars in their gender-related research. 5. The political representation of blacks in Congress: Does race matter? New Haven: Yale University press. That means those who serve in the government are less likely to focus on local issues as they have no local representation responsibilities. Naturalistic observations were used by Charles Darwin during his research on chimpanzee; nonetheless, Charles Darwin was so fascinated by observing how primates and humans are acting in similar ways and having influence to another. pros and cons of descriptive representation. Being able to make a forecast of the weather that a particular child of that city plays. Descriptive research can provide valuable insights into a particular situation. Coalition governments are encouraged to compromise and pursue centrist views. Descriptive representation is hotly contested. The Journal of Politics, 59(01), 73103. Under the system of proportional representation, seats are not awarded based on community or district voting. 3. Apr 10, 2015. 79 John F. Kennedy Street It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Being female, black, and possessing a more liberal ideology were associated with lower perceptions of fairness. Horizontal Communication It allows us to not only understand human behavior but we can observes animals and even plants if we so desired, although that would be more or less useless including the data. (1997). U. Tate, K. (2003). proposals are formulated against the foil of the dominant model of . The Gender and Politics initiative aims to advance research on representative democracy and equitable participation in governments across the globe. 50 Intense Pros and Cons of Dropping the Atomic Bomb, 20 Intriguing Pros and Cons of Becoming a State National, Pros And Cons Of Higher Education For Police Officers. Some of the pros of grades include: Standardization and universally recognized: In virtually any corner of the globe, people will understand what an A, B, C, D, or F letter grade stands for. With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). Descriptive statistics comprises the statistical methods dealing with the collection, tabulation and summarization of data, so as to present meaningful information. One of the major challenges in providing quality representation comes from the desire to balance the will of the majority with the needs of political minorities. In addition to elected officials, descriptive representation can contribute to how legitimate citizens view the actions of bureaucrats (when black citizens are stopped by black police officers, they are more likely to perceive their actions aslegitimate) and encourage involvement in government (when there are more blacks in public institutions, the likelihood ofinvolvement by blacks increases). Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012). 3. It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. In contexts of historical political subordination and low de facto legitimacy, descriptive representation helps create a social meaning of "ability to rule" and increases the attachment to the polity of members of the group. (1975). . Political power and womens representation in Latin America. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). Not all cues are created equal: The conditional impact of female candidates on political engagement. Additionally, it is possible to make future forecasts, although they are considered premature or basic. pros and cons of descriptive representation. Thibaut, J. W., Walker, L., et al. Journal of Politics, 66(2), 534556. Survey of the Performance of American Elections. Some of the most important are listed below. More people feel like they are adequately represented under this type of structure. what does silent notifications mean; why is there a shortage of paper towels again? To achieve this task, the researcher can choose between two different types of research designs, which have specific characteristics that differentiate them from each other. 2. Furthermore, it is applied only to a group, over which it has no control whatsoever. Descriptive research is one of the most basic forms of research that can be conducted to gain insights into a particular subject. Pantoja, A. D., & Segura, G. M. (2003). Journal of Politics, 68(2), 233247. This type of research is often used in the social sciences, but can be used in other disciplines as well. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Latinos and substantive representation in the US House of Representatives: Direct, indirect, or nonexistent? Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. The American Political Science Review, 165177. Google Scholar. The concept of representation. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45(1), 91. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more . By using descriptive research in conjunction with other research methods, researchers can gain a more complete understanding of a particular topic or phenomenon. WAPPP Co-Director Iris Bohnet will be a featured panelist in the upcoming policy forum on Using Innovation and Technology to Advance Gender Equality" hosted by @ipinst, @swiss_un, and @INTGenderChamps. Social Science Quarterly, 88(5), 11061123. In this article, we will explore the benefits and limitations of descriptive research and when it is the most appropriate research method to use. Naturalistic observation also gives the observers little to no control which gives the observer pure, non-corrupted data. Probability of very confident evaluation of ballot accuracy. The index was re-scaled to run from 0 (least fair) to 1 (most fair). To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. In light of recent administrative irregularities that have reduced the confidence thatblack votershave in elections, the value of seeing a reflection of oneself when entering the polling location to cast a ballot should not be minimized. Given this, confidence in the accuracy of elections and the outcomes that they produce requires that voters trust not only their local processes and procedures, but also those across their state and the nation. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 623638. The effect of descriptive representation on the relationship between citizens and their government. Princeton: Princeton University Press. The alternative is to gather a random sample and then use the methodologies of inferential statistics to analyze the . Lack of Secrecy: Graphical representation makes the full presentation of information that may hamper the objective to keep something secret.. 5. An American who represents themselves in court has a fool for a client, according to an old story told about former President Abraham Lincoln. This may help you better understand research findings, whether reported in the mainstream media, or when reading a research study on your own. Read the latest issue. The models have parameters which may be useful in understanding the focus of the matter such as a mean, standard deviation of the variable and standard deviation of the mean as examples. Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. (2010). McCrone, D. J. Several countries, since 2016, have elected representatives and leaders that have promoted isolationist views. In this type of research method, emphasis is placed on natural settings and the participants. 17 Pivotal Hydroelectricity Pros and Cons, 18 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of the Payback Period, 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Leasing a Car, 19 Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Financing, 24 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of a C Corporation, 16 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Mediation, 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Gated Community, 17 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Groups, 17 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Bonds, 19 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Annuities, 17 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising. As in all types of research, the data provided by descriptive research must be both accurate and reliable. One of the biggest advantages of descriptive research is that it allows you to analyze facts and helps you in developing an in-depth understanding of the research problem. This is an increasing trend since the previous Congress had three states which had, Further, immigrants also form part of Congress who totals. Public Opinion Quarterly, 48(4), 741756. In addition, it is possible to present a hypothesis and to expand the degree of knowledge about the event under investigation. Due to the relatively small number of African Americans in our sample, we report 90% confidence intervals throughout for both white and black subjects. These descriptive representations reflect the usage characteristics of the end product, what the owner (s) are going to do with the end product, or how they will use it once they get it in their possession. Researchers surely appreciate the ease of which they are able to problem solve, collect data and share the results of their, Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development. Polit Behav 39, 3150 (2017). In addition, it allows obtaining data, or information, of the quantitative or qualitative type: Using the case study it is possible to carry out a slightly more detailed analysis of the event, as well as to study in detail groups or subjects separately. These individuals are served byalmost one million citizens who volunteer to serve as poll workers at more than 100,000 polling locations across the United States. (1997). American Journal of Political Science, 511535. For example, descriptive representation can contribute to the way in which citizens evaluate and interact with elected officials. Part of descriptive statistics is to characterize which model the variable presents to an observer. Naturalistic Observation is a frequently utilized research method in which one observes a certain behavior. Descriptive names are one of the most simplistic solutions. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Since subjects are randomly assigned to conditions and we have good balance on demographic items across treatment conditions, we are not particularly concerned about potential confounds. Hero, R. E. & Tolbert, C. J. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. They basically consist of making a description of the variables to be measured in a phenomenon, and analyzing the incidence at the time that event occurs. Until a candidate reaches more than the set share of votes, no one is declared a winner. In 2022, HKS doctoral student Anna Gifty Opoku-Agyeman published a critically acclaimed collection, The Black Agenda. Are Russian troops using sexual violence as a weapon? Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. In addition, it obtains information on the phenomenon or situation to be studied, using techniques such as observation and survey, among others. The strengths of naturalistic observations are better generalizing, subjects are comfortable which adds to higher degree of realism. With the scope of contemporary technology, we are able to access information from various studies that have occurred around the world. Race, political empowerment, and minority perceptions of judicial fairness. An integrated model of womens representation. Bridgett King recently presented a paper at the 2018 annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association entitled, Descriptive Representation in Election Administration: Poll Workers and Voter Confidence. Here, Professor King summarizes her analysis from that paper. The two types of designs used in descriptive research are described below: In cross-sectional designs, the variables are not affected by any type of process, which is why they only dedicate themselves to observing the event as it happens, limiting themselves only to analyzing them. Even so, there is also the possibility of obtaining qualitative data.
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