In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Rajatarangini/Original languages [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . The kings of Kashmir described in the Rajatarangini are given below. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. The author Kalhana was a son of a minister of Harsha of this family. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. Has data issue: true Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. all exact any . After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). [citation needed]. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Verse 13. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. Translation of " " into Persian . He erected a monument at. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. Son of Sukhavarman. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Answer. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Verse 11. Hiranya died childless. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. The Journal of Asian Studies does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications } [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. 1 How do people make money on survival on Mars? He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. He was (I.191) the first of his race. field of Asian Studies. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. This quarterly has been published regularly since Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Eventually a Pratapaditya, a relative of Vikrmaditya (not the Shakari) became king (II.6). Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. Total loading time: 0 was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. Check ' ' translations into Persian. elsewhere. Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. He was known for his religious tolerance. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. Report Error This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. the Kambojs He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Son of Hiranyakula. epic poem Sanskrit [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. Verse 7. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam. Nothing is known about his origin. Established the city of. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. Verse 11. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. Son of Ajitapida. [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below. 23 February 2011. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. 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